Renewable Energy Notes
Topic 1.1: Introduction to Man and Energy
Energy & Man Connection, Discovery of Fire, Use of Manpower as Energy, Use of Watermills & Windmills as Energy, Use of Steam as Energy, Use of Coal as Fuel, Use of Oil & natural gas as Fuel, Use of Nuclear Energy, Other alternatives energy sources.
Topic 1.2: Energy Resources and Classification
Energy, Energy Resources, Classification of Energy Resources, Fossil Fuel, Classification of fossil fuel, Alternative Energy Resources, Comparison Between Renewable & Non-renewable Sources, Need for Alternative Energy, Obstacles in the Implementation of Renewable Energy.
Topic 1.3: World Energy Scenario
Units of Energy & Power, Energy Demand, Reserve to Production Ratio, Reserves of Energy Resources (Coal, Oil & Gas), Primary Energy Consumption, Total Energy Production, Renewable Energy Scenario.
Topic 1.4: India Energy Scenario
Reserves of Energy Resources (Coal, Oil & Gas), Primary Energy Consumption, Renewable Energy Scenario, Power Sectors in India.
Topic 1.5: Solar Radiation Basics
Radiation, Electromagnetic Radiation, Wavelength, Amplitude, Frequency, Electromagnetic Spectrum, Stefan-Boltzmann Law, Black Body, Plank’s Law, Wien’s Displacement Law, Solar Radiation, Spectral Distribution of Sun & Earth, Solar Constant, Insolation, Extraterrestrial Radiation, Terrestrial Radiation, Direct radiation, Diffuse radiation, Global radiation, Solar radiation measurement (Pyranometer & Pyrheliometer)
Topic 1.6: Solar Radiation Geometry
Sun & Earth Relationship, Location on Earth, Angle of Latitude (ϕ), Angle of Longitude (l), Latitude in Solar Radiation, Declination Angle (δ), Hour Angle (ω), Inclination angle or Solar altitude (α), Zenith Angle (θz), Solar Azimuth Angle (γs), Tilt Angle (β), Angle of Incidence (θ), Surface Azimuth Angle (γ)
Topic 1.7: Solar Collector
Solar Energy Utilization, History of Solar Energy Utilization, Need for Solar Collector, Solar Collector, Performance Parameter for Solar Collector, Types of Solar Collectors
Topic 1.8: Photovoltaic System
Solar Photovoltaic (PV) system, Advantages of PV cell, Disadvantages of PV cells, Valence Electron, Valence Band, Conduction Band, Forbidden Band, kT Energy, Conductor (metal), Semiconductor (metalloids), Insulator (non-metal), Enhancing Semiconductor Conductivity, p-n Junction, Photovoltaic Effect, Construction of Solar Cell, VI Characteristics of Solar Cell, Types of Solar Cells, Arrangement of Solar Cell, Components of Solar System, Applications of Solar Cells
Topic 1.9: Origin of Wind
Wind, Types of Wind: Global Wind & Local Wind, Wind Energy, Advantages & Disadvantages of Wind Energy.
Topic 1.10: Wind Power
Wind Power, Velocity and Pressure Profile for HAWT, HWAT Power Output, Betz limit, Principle of Wind Energy Conversion (Drag and Lift).
Topic 1.11: Wind Energy Conversion System
Types of Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine (HAWT): Components of HAWT, Block Diagram of HAWT, Types of HAWT, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT): Types of VAWT Savonius Turbines & Darrieus Turbines), HAWTs vs VAWTs, Site Selection Considerations for WECS, Environmental Impacts of Wind Turbines.
Topic 1.12: Introduction to Biomass
Introduction, Biomass, Biomass Resources (Terrestrial Biomass & Aquatic Biomass), Biofuel, Application of Biomass, Application of Biomass, Disadvantages of Biomass
Topic 1.13: Biomass Conversion Technologies
Type of Biomass: Dry & Wet Biomass, Chemical Composition of Woody Biomass, Flowchart for Biomass Conversion, Biomass to Bioenergy: Direct Use (Direct Combustion & Briquetting), Indirect Use (Thermochemical Methods & Biochemical Methods).
Topic 1.14: Thermochemical Methods
Pyrolysis, General Process for Pyrolysis, Types of pyrolysis, Torrefaction, Gasification, Reaction Zone in Gasifier, Types of Gasifiers: Fixed-bed Gasifier (Updraft, Downdraft, Cross-draft Gasifier), Fluidized-bed Gasifier (Bubbling Fluidized Bed, Circulating Fluidized bed), Entrained Flow Gasifier, Liquefaction
Topic 1.15: Biochemical Methods
Anaerobic Digestion, Components of Biogas Plant, Stages of Anaerobic Digestion, Sizing of Digestor for Biogas Plant, Factors Affecting Biogas Yield, Classification of Biogas Plant,
Topic 1.16: Geothermal Energy
Introduction, Geothermal Energy History, Geothermal Field Formation, Types of Geothermal Field, Types of Geothermal Sources, Utilization of Hydrothermal resources